Tatya Tope was a general in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was one of the leaders of massacre of Cawnpore, which occurred on 27 June 1857.

Tatya Tope – General in the Indian Rebellion of 1857

Tatya Tope was a general in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Despite lacking formal military training, he is widely considered the best and most effective revolutionary general. 

Life of Tatya Tope

Tatya tope was born Ramachandra Panduranga Yawalkar on 16 February 1814 to a Marathi Deshastha Brahmin family in Yeola. Tatya took on the title Tope, meaning commanding officer. His first name Tantia means General.

He was a personal follower of Nana Saheb of Bithur. He progressed with the Gwalior contingent after the British reoccupied Kanpur (then known as Cawnpore) and forced General Windham to retreat from the city.

Later on, Tantia Tope came to the relief of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi and with her seized the city of Gwalior. But he was defeated by General Napier‘s British Indian troops at Ranod and after a further defeat at Sikar, he abandoned the campaign.

According to an official statement, Tantia Tope’s father was Panduranga, an inhabitant of Jola Pargannah, Patoda Zilla Nagar (present-day Maharashtra). Tope was a Maraṭha Vashista Brahman by birth.

 In a government letter, he was said to be the minister of Baroda, while he was held identical to Nana Saheb in another communication. A witness at his trial described Tantia Tope as “a man of middling stature, with a wheat complexion and always wearing a white chukri-dar turban”.

Tantia Tope was executed by the British Government at Shivpuri on 18 April 1859.

Initial engagement at the Indian rebellion of 1857

Nana Saheb became the leader of the rebels after the rebellion in Cawnpore (Kanpur) broke out on 5 June 1857. On 25 June 1857, the British forces surrendered and Nana was declared Peshwa.

General Havelock twice faced Nana’s forces in a battle before the latter were finally defeated at their third encounter. After the defeat, Nana’s troops had to withdraw to Bithur, after which Havelock crossed the Ganges and retreated to Awadh. Tantia Tope began to act in Nana Saheb’s name from Bithur.

Tantia Tope was one of the leaders of the massacre of Cawnpore, which occurred on 27 June 1857. Afterward, Tope held a good defensive position until he was driven out by the British force led again by Sir Henry Havelock on 16 July 1857.

Afterward, he defeated General Charles Ash Windham in Second Cawnpore Battle, which started on 19 November 1857 and continued for seventeen days. 

Tope and his army were defeated when the British counterattacked under Sir Colin Campbell. Tope and other rebels fled the scene and had to take shelter at the Rani of Jhansi while supporting her as well.

Clash with Colonel Holmes

Later on Tantia and Rao Saheb, after helping Jhansi during the British assault successfully helped Rani Lakshmibai escape the attack. Together with Rani Lakshmibai, they took control of Gwalior Fort declaring Hindavi Swaraj (Free Kingdom) under the name of Nana Saheb Peshwa from Gwalior.

After losing Gwalior to the British, Tope and Rao Saheb, nephew of Nana Saheb, fled to the Rajputana. He was able to convince the army of Tonk to join him.

Tope was unable to enter the town of Bundi though, and while announcing he would go south, he headed west in reality and towards Nimach.

A British flying column commanded by Colonel Holmes was in pursuit of him, while the British commander in Rajputana, General Abraham Robert was able to attack the rebel force when they had reached a position between Sanganer and Bhilwara. 

Tope again fled from the field towards Udaipur and, after visiting a Hindu shrine on 13 August, he drew up his forces on the Banas River. They were defeated again by Roberts’s forces and Tope fled again. He crossed the Chambal River and reached the town of Jhalrapatan in the state of Jhalawar.

Continued resistance

Tantia Tope continued resistance, even after the Revolt of 1857 was put down by the British, as a guerrilla fighter in the jungles. He convinced the state forces to rebel against the Raja and was able to replace the artillery he had lost at the Banas River. 

Then he took his forces towards Indore but was pursued by the British, now commanded by General John Michel as he fled towards Sironj. 

Tope, accompanied by Rao Saheb, decided to divide their combined forces so that he could make his way to Chanderi with a bigger force, and Rao Saheb, on the other hand, with a smaller force to Jhansi. However, they combined again in October and suffered yet another defeat at Chhota Udaipur.

By January 1859, they reached the state of Jaipur and experienced two more defeats. Tope escaped alone into the jungles of Paron. At this point, he met Raja of Narwar Man Singh and his household and decided to stay with him at his court. 

Man Singh was in dispute with the Maharaja of Gwalior while the British were successful in negotiating with him to hand Tope to them in return for his life and protection of his family from any reprisals by the Maharaja. After this event, Tope was handed to the British and left to face his fate at the hand of the British.

Execution

Tatya Tope accepted the charges brought before him but he might be held accountable only before his master, the Peshwa. He was executed at the gallows on 18 April 1859 in Shivpuri.

>>> Read about Jhalkari Bai

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